En estos tiempos de orgía cultural generalizada, Biblioclasmo es un texto producto de una tradición escéptica; un tratado de «filología negativa»; un ejercicio de controversia, plagado de consideraciones intempestivas.

El artículo a seguir es una reflexión en torno a la forma en que el gobierno chileno reaccionó frente al conflicto desencadenado por los estudiantes secundarios durante prácticamente todo el primer año de la administración Bachelet. Aparte de esbozar las causas que estarían tras de la respuesta errática de las autoridades, el presente estudio intenta comprender el posicionamento expresado por algunos sectores del gobierno y de la sociedad política ante la emergencia del conflicto social. A partir de lo anterior, sostenemos (...) que es pertinente acuñar un nuevo concepto a partir de la experiencia chilena y latinoamericana. Esta concepción tiene su nuevo referente en aquello que llamamos «hipergobernabilidad», es decir, un apego excesivo por mantener la gobernabilidad a través de la «solución anticipada» de las demandas de la sociedad. El análisis de las movilizaciones estudiantiles respalda la tesis respecto al temor que existe ante el conflicto social y vis a vis permite entender esta desmedida preocupación del Estado con la paz y la cohesión social. (shrink)

The main objective of the article will be to consider and analyze the process of modernization of the Armed Forces in the last decades of the twentieth century, as well as to highlight the obligatory interdependence between it and the changing political-social and international environment. To this end, attention will be paid to the four main milestones of this process: reorganization of the Spanish defence superstructure; reform of the organization of the armed forces and review of the functions entrusted to (...) them; insertion of Spain into Western defensive alliances, and accommodation of the military justice to the common one. (shrink)

El autor argumenta que a pesar del éxito atribuido al programa económico durante el régimen autoritario del General Pinochet, es posible concluir que éste acentuó la desigualdad y no ha conseguido resolver el problema de pobreza. El trabajo hace un breve sumario histórico de la puesta en práctica de los programas de ajuste y las políticas de reforma económica, y concluye que el modelo neoliberal es incompatible con la consolidación democrática, e impide que la gran mayoría de la población pueda (...) disfrutar de sus logros económicos, lo que obliga a la búsqueda de una nueva estrategia de desarrollo. (shrink)

Corruption involves greed, money, and risky decision-making. We explore the love of money, pay satisfaction, probability of risk, and dishonesty across cultures. Avaricious monetary aspiration breeds unethicality. Prospect theory frames decisions in the gains-losses domain and high-low probability. Pay dissatisfaction (in the losses domain) incites dishonesty in the name of justice at the individual level. The Corruption Perceptions Index, CPI, signals a high-low probability of getting caught for dishonesty at the country level. We theorize that decision-makers adopt avaricious love-of-money aspiration (...) as a lens and frame dishonesty in the gains-losses domain (pay satisfaction-dissatisfaction, Level 1) and high-low probability (CPI, Level 2) to maximize expected utility and ultimate serenity. We challenge the myth: Pay satisfaction mitigates dishonesty across nations consistently. Based on 6500 managers in 32 countries, our cross-level three-dimensional visualization offers the following discoveries. Under high aspiration conditions, pay dissatisfaction excites the highest- (third-highest) avaricious justice-seeking dishonesty in high (medium) CPI nations, supporting the certainty effect. However, pay satisfaction provokes the second-highest avaricious opportunity-seizing dishonesty in low CPI entities, sustaining the possibility effect—maximizing expected utility. Under low aspiration conditions, high pay satisfaction consistently leads to low dishonesty, demonstrating risk aversion—achieving ultimate serenity. We expand prospect theory from a micro and individual-level theory to a cross-level theory of monetary wisdom across 32 nations. We enhance the S-shaped Curve to three 3-D corruption surfaces across three levels of the global economic pyramid, providing novel insights into behavioral economics, business ethics, the environment, and responsibility. (shrink)

El presente artículo de reflexión es el resultado de una investigación que tuvo un enfoque metodológico cualitativo que se expresó en dos dimensiones: uno analítico-conceptual y otro crítico-hermenéutico, y está dirigido primordialmente a examinar el problema de la obediencia moral al derecho desde los presupuestos teóricos y conceptuales de la ética normativa. Sosteniendo como tesis principal que la ética no puede equipararse a una moral aplicada, en la medida que esto implicaría confundir la ética con la moral y por el (...) contrario, el cumplimiento de las normas se da por ser lo moralmente correcto, en consecuencia, será posible concluir a través del presente trabajo que existe una obligación moral de cumplir el derecho, salvo juicios morales concretos frente a ciertas regulaciones de conductas establecidas por normas que no estén acorde a los valores críticos o morales. (shrink)

En fecha reciente el jugador Josy Altidore fue víctima de insultos racistas en el Campeonato Holandés. Cada vez que tocaba la pelota, los hinchas del equipo contrario comenzaban a imitar un mono. La respuesta del jugador a estas manifestaciones de hostilidad y racismo fue la siguiente:“¿Qué se puede hacer? Apenas espero que esos hinchas encuentren un medio de mejorar (como personas). Uno solo pude rezar por ellas. Yo siento como si tuviese una obligación con mi club y mi familia, de (...) no reacci.. (shrink)

En el marco de la filosofía de las matemáticas contemporáneas, Hellman y Awodey sostienen un debate acerca del rol de la Teoría de Conjuntos de Zermelo-Fraenkel (ZF) y la Teoría de Categorías (TCat) en la perspectiva de una buena fundamentación estructuralista para las matemáticas. Según Hellman, ni ZF ni TCat constituyen un buen marco fundacional para las matemáticas; sin embargo, su punto central en este debate es que TCat no logra una autonomía, en sentido fuerte, respecto a ZF, y, además, (...) sostiene que la tesis de Awodey, favorable a TCat, es inevitablemente una tesis fundacionalista. Desde la otra orilla, Awodey sostiene que la noción categórica de estructura no es fundacional, pero sí constituye la mejor opción para interpretar las matemáticas de manera integral y articulada. De esta manera, pone en cuestión el ideal fundacionalista conjuntista. El objetivo del presente artículo es poner de relieve los aspectos filosóficos centrales de esta polémica, fijar algunas posiciones en relación con la misma y mostrar algunas consecuencias relevantes para la filosofía de las matemáticas. (shrink)

La conciencia de que existe un mundo sublunar y, al mismo tiempo, la de que existe un principio divino en ese mismo mundo, introduce al sistema barroco español (y a sus variadas cohortes de legitimadores) en una modernidad que viene a ser la de una época de radical complejidad. La metáfora de las pirámides, que se puede remontar hasta Nicolás de Cusa, expresa la doble constitución de lo humano y su dificultad extrema para desenvolverse en los mundos de la vida. (...) Abrazar la globalidad en su variedad infinita, implica una teopolítica que ha sido objetivo expreso de la Monarquía Católica hispana. «Monarquía compuesta» que se mostró —especialmente durante el siglo XVII— como un sistema que incluía la diversidad del mundo en el horizonte del trasmundo. (shrink)

Monetary intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the dark side of monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics—dishonesty. Dishonesty, a risky prospect, involves cost–benefit analysis of self-interest. We frame good or bad barrels in the environmental context as a proxy of high or low probability of getting caught for dishonesty, respectively. We theorize: The magnitude and intensity of (...) the relationship between love of money and dishonest prospect may reveal how individuals frame dishonesty in the context of two levels of subjective norm—perceived corporate ethical values at the micro-level and Corruption Perceptions Index at the macro-level, collected from multiple sources. Based on 6382 managers in 31 geopolitical entities across six continents, our cross-level three-way interaction effect illustrates: As expected, managers in good barrels, mixed barrels, and bad barrels display low, medium, and high magnitude of dishonesty, respectively. With high CEV, the intensity is the same across cultures. With low CEV, the intensity of dishonesty is the highest in high CPI entities —the Enron Effect, but the lowest in low CPI entities. CPI has a strong impact on the magnitude of dishonesty, whereas CEV has a strong impact on the intensity of dishonesty. We demonstrate dishonesty in light of monetary values and two frames of social norm, revealing critical implications to the field of behavioral economics and business ethics. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic marked a before and after for the global economy, and one of the most affected sectors was the health sector, where rising costs in medical care, protective equipment and infrastructure, coupled with a decrease in income from other regular services, led a large part of health centers such as public and private hospitals to resort to unethical accounting practices for the manipulation of their financial information (creative accounting). These events of financial depression and relaxation of controls during (...) the health emergency allowed the creation of a "favorable" environment to distort financial statements through techniques such as premature recording of income, undervaluation of expenses, among others, to evade taxes and take advantage of the benefits imposed by governments to promote humanitarian aid and prioritize health care. The purpose of this article is to highlight the most common creative accounting practices that were applied in the health sector in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent effects it had on the economy and on the governmental control of the countries in the region for the detection of these practices. (shrink)

A patent is a property granted to any new shape, configuration or arrangement of elements, of any device, tool, instrument, mechanism or other object or part thereof, that allows for a better or different operation, use or manufacture of the object that incorporates it or that provides it with some utility, advantage or technical effect that it did not have before. As a document, a patent really is a title that recognizes the right to exploit the patented invention exclusively, preventing (...) others from making, selling or using it without the consent of the owner. The fact of making a patent is motivated by the fact of promoting creativity, hindering competition in the market as only one person holds the patent, thus protecting the initial investment and fighting against plagiarism. Patents are available to the public for dissemination and general knowledge. It is generally recognized in the specialized literature that patents can be used as an indicator to calculate the results generated by research and development activities, being a very useful indicator to measure various social, economic or technological aspects. For this reason, it is of relevant interest to have tools or systems that allow us to obtain the patents developed in a specific period of time and to carry out analyses of various economic and social factors. These analyses can serve to obtain a social perspective of society’s progress in the technological field, and this is why an analysis of patents is of our interest. This paper proposes a platform specifically designed to obtain knowledge about patents as an indicator of Spanish social, economic or technological aspects. For this purpose, the platform retrieves, analyses and visualizes functionalities that represent data on the landscape of patents obtained from the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office as a particular case of study. (shrink)

Monetary Intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the bright side of Monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics, frames money attitude in the context of pay and life satisfaction, and controls money at the macro-level and micro-level. We theorize: Managers with low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior will have high subjective well-being: pay satisfaction and (...) quality of life. Data collected from 6586 managers in 32 cultures across six continents support our theory. Interestingly, GDP per capita is related to life satisfaction, but not to pay satisfaction. Individual income is related to both life and pay satisfaction. Neither GDP nor income is related to Happiness. Our theoretical model across three GDP groups offers new discoveries: In high GDP entities, “high income” not only reduces aspirations—“Rich, Motivator, and Power,” but also promotes stewardship behavior—“Budget, Give/Donate, and Contribute” and appreciation of “Achievement.” After controlling income, we demonstrate the bright side of Monetary Intelligence: Low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior define Monetary Intelligence. “Good apples enjoy good quality of life in good barrels.” This notion adds another explanation to managers’ low magnitude of dishonesty in entities with high Corruption Perceptions Index. In low GDP entities, high income is related to poor Budgeting skills and escalated Happiness. These managers experience equal satisfaction with pay and life. We add a new vocabulary to the conversation of monetary intelligence, income, GDP, happiness, subjective well-being, good and bad apples and barrels, corruption, and behavioral ethics. (shrink)

The gene regulation function (GRF) provides an operational description of a promoter behavior as a function of the concentration of one of its transcriptional regulators. Behind this apparently trivial definition lies a central concept in biological control: the GRF provides the input/output relationship of each edge in a transcriptional network, independently from the molecular interactions involved. Here we discuss how existing methods allow direct measurement of the GRF, and how several trade‐offs between scalability and accuracy have hindered its application to (...) relatively large networks. We discuss the theoretical and technical requirements for obtaining the GRF. Based on these requirements, we introduce a simplified and easily scalable method that is able to capture the significant parameters of the GRF. The GRF is able to predict the behavior of a simple genetic circuit, illustrating how addressing the quantitative nature of gene regulation substantially increases our comprehension on the mechanisms of gene control. (shrink)

A presente discussão pretende relacionar a temática da literatura de Lourenço Mutarelli, a filosofia de Deleuze e Guattari com o princípio pluralista. A proposta consiste em sinalizar os elementos convergentes nas obras de Mutarelli com a proposta teológica pluralista. Para tanto analisará as obras: O Natimorto; Nada me faltará e O cheiro do ralo visando evidenciar as tônicas teológicas que nela existem e apresenta-las numa proposta de libertação comprometida com a vida e com a emancipação humana.

RESUMENEl argumento indirecto en favor de la salud y el bienestar de los animales considera la analogía entre derechos humanos y derechos de los no humanos. En tal sentido, los “derechos” de los animales pueden ser considerados “deberes” o responsabilidades de los seres humanos; el artículo defiende entonces una perspectiva antropocéntrica moderada sobre este tema. De hecho, los avances en material de protección de otras especies y del medio ambiente suelen estar relacionados con el interés por proteger la salud de (...) los consumidores. Un análisis de la regulación autonómica, nacional y europea puede mostrar hasta que punto varía la consideración del bienestar animal en áreas como la investigación científica con no humanos, los animales de granja y las normas que regulan el transporte. Por tanto, la situación real de los derechos de los animales demostraría las limitaciones prácticas de actitudes compasivas hacia otras especies que no vayan acompañadas de responsabilidades claras y de deberes de los humanos.PALABRAS CLAVEDERECHOS DE LOS ANIMALES, BIENESTAR ANIMAL, éTICA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN, DERECHOS HUMANOSABSTRACTThe indirect argument in favour of animal health and welfare explores the analogy between human rights and animal rights. In that sense, the “rights” of non-humans could be considered “duties” or responsibilities of human beings; so, the article defends an anthropocentric point of view; a moderate anthropocentric perspective. Indeed, the protection of other species and the environment is usually connected with the interest in health and consumers’ protection. The analysis of the regional, national, and European regulation regarding these issues would prove how different the consideration of animal welfare could be in areas like research on non-humans for scientific purposes, animals for production, and transport norms. Therefore, the present situation of animal rights would demonstrate the practical limitations of compassion towards other species without clear responsibilities and duties on the part of humans.KEYWORDSANIMAL RIGHTS, ANIMAL WELFARE, RESEARCH ETHICS, HUMAN RIGHTS. (shrink)

Sobre la base de una línea interpretativa propiciada por la misma doctrina de Plotino, este trabajo pretende estudiar el problema que conlleva el fin último del alma humana en vista de su ascenso hacia el Uno-Bien. En varios pasajes de su obra, el filósofo sostiene que, conociendo el propio sí-mismo, se puede tomar contacto con un principio supremo, anterior incluso a la potencia intelectiva, en virtud de cuya visión es dable gozar de un amor sin medida. El remate en la (...) unificación no depende en última instancia del acierto racional, sino de concordar en el mismo centro con aquello de semejante al Uno-Bien que hay en el alma. Estas distinciones abonarían la posibilidad de una unión mística dentro del sistema plotiniano. Sin embargo, desde el punto de vista epistemológico, el estatuto místico es controvertido y plantea una serie dificultades teóricas que es necesario dilucidar. Para el análisis de los tópicos mentados se desarrolla una lectura a la vez hermenéutica y crítica tanto de las fuentes como de la bibliografía erudita. (shrink)

Salvador Piá Tarazona’s book, El hombre como ser dual is an important methodical-thematic advance in the research of transcendental anthropology as much as it does not detain its focus on human nature nor its development , but rather on th readicality of personal intimacy and its openness to transcendence.

Este artículo supone la edición electrónica del libro homónimo publicado en 2006 por la editorial La Xara, de Simat de Valldigna (Valencia). Para los autores principales (filósofo e historiador) el estudio de las migraciones humanas se enfoca mejor desde la idea de ruta, cuyo análisis más potente se deriva, a su vez, del uso de categorías histórico-fenomenológicas, frente a otras posibles de menor rendimiento (sociológicas, psicológicas o metafísicas). Nos sitúan así en el ámbito de la filosofía de la historia. La (...) ruta es definida como una trayectoria que permite «unir y separar colectivamente (por contacto o contigüidad) sociedades, pueblos, culturas... y transformar así las relaciones entre los hombres, sus conocimientos sobre el mundo y los vínculos con las identidades que aún no se han incorporado a las rutas» (p. 29). Y la ruta es resultado incesante de la dialéctica entre las rutas históricas —del interior, religiosa, de la moneda, del desplazamiento, político-militar y de la energía—. Tales trayectorias y sus complementarias lanzan a la humanidad por el camino de la globalización. (shrink)

Para tratar la cuestión de los Fundamentos prepolíticos del Estado cons-titucional democrático, Habermas y Ratzinger coinciden en el punto de partida: abordarlo mediante el análisis de las relaciones entre razón y fe, análisis en el cual ambos reconocen su necesaria correlación. Además de este importante punto de acuerdo, los dos pensadores, que proceden de tradiciones intelectuales muy diferentes, suscriben el mismo punto de llega-da: la conclusión de que es el diálogo público, tolerante y plural, la alternativa a las posiciones radicales (...) y excluyentes que padecen las sociedades actuales. (shrink)

This paper will study the universality of natural law that Thomas Aquinas explains in Sententia Libri EthicorumV. In the 5th book of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle tells the difference between natural law and positive law in the context of politic law. This reference point raises the question about the naturalness of the justice rules within the political society. Especially when it comes to the variability inherent in practical matters. Thomas, by contrast, appeals the first principles recognized by practical intellect in (...) order to support the universality of natural law. The comparison among the Aristotelian and Thomistic position on the universality of the natural law, would reflect doctrinal overcomings, continuities or ruptures between different authors that examine, however, a common topic. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Cervantes in Italy:Christian Humanism and the Visual Impact of Renaissance RomeFernando CervantesToward the end of 1569, shortly after his twenty-second birthday, Miguel de Cervantes arrived in Rome to serve as chamberlain to the young monsignor Giulio de Acquaviva, soon to be made a cardinal by Pope Pius V.1 The event marked the beginning of a six-year sojourn about which surprisingly little is known with certainty. From scattered semiautobiographical references (...) we can infer that Cervantes traveled widely and that he developed a particular fondness for Italy. We know for sure that he fought bravely against the Turks at the battle of Lepanto in 1571, where he received wounds that rendered his left arm useless for the rest of his life, and that he remained in service as a soldier, based in Italy, until his ill-fated attempt to return to Spain in 1575. Ten years later, in the dedication of his pastoral romance La Galatea to Ascanio Colonna, he reminded his dedicatee that the reverence he had for him did not only stem from having served under his illustrious father, the famous general Marco Antonio Colonna, but also from the many things that he had heard Cardinal Acquaviva say, "like prophesies," about him in Rome. There follows a brief encomium about the "noble virtues," "magnificence," "goodness," and "Christianity" that sustain the "clear and generous line" of the Colonnas, known to all for the "virtuous and heroic deeds" that have been their mark since time immemorial.2 Some of Cervantes's best lyric poetry dates from these years. In it, as in the rest of his work, the unmistakable mark of Petrarch, Boccaccio, Sannazaro, Ariosto, and Bembo, to name but the most explicit ones, leaves us in little doubt about his genuine love of Italian literature.For good reasons, modern biographers have been loath to take these scattered [End Page 325] references too candidly. Can we, for example, assume that Cervantes had more than a very superficial acquaintance with the Colonnas and the Acquavivas? Could a writer still widely regarded as a self-taught, untutored mind realistically have attracted the favors of some of the most illustrious Roman and Neapolitan noble families? More pointedly, is it safe to take the varied and abundant observations about Italy scattered throughout his works as reliable reflections of his own personal experiences? After all, between the latter and the written page there is a time lag often approaching forty years. Add to this the weight of subsequent intellectual influences and of literary conventions, of novelistic invention and of the viewpoints of the characters themselves, and we are left on rather shaky ground. As Jean Canavaggio has remarked, it is not Cervantes the keen visual observer, but rather Cervantes the devoted reader of Boccaccio and the novellieri who brings Italy and Italian themes into his fiction. Even the memorable descriptions of Italian cities to be found in some of his novelas are rather formulaic passages, perfectly in tune with the rhetorical canons of the time.3Our topic, however, is not biography but intellectual history; and here we can afford to be more candid. There can be no doubt that many of Cervantes's descriptions have the unmistakable ring of genuine experience. Take Tomás Rodaja's arrival, "soaked, sleep-deprived and with bags under the eyes," in Genoa's "sheltered Mandraccio,"4 where he becomes acquainted withthe smoothness of the Trebbiano, the fullness of the Montefiascone, the strength of the Asperino, the generosity of the Greeks Candia and Soma, the grandeur of the one from the Five Vineyards, the sweetness and mellowness of the lady Vernaccia, the rustic touch of the Centola, while the lowly one from Rome dared not appear in the presence of such illustrious gentlemen.5Charmed by the gallantry of the Genoese, Rodaja leaves by land for Rome, "the queen of cities and mistress of the world." "Just as the size and ferocity of a lion can be gauged by its claws," Cervantes observed,so Rome's greatness became manifest by its broken marbles, its statues..., its fallen arches and ruined baths, its magnificent porticoes and large amphitheatres, its famous and sacred river whose waters... (shrink)

En el marco de los debates contemporáneos sobre la justicia social, en este artículo se discute la visión ralwsiana sobre el comunismo como una sociedad más allá de la justicia, en la cual las personas han perdido el sentido de lo justo y de la obligación moral. Sostenemos que John Rawls no acierta a explicar convincentemente la evanescencia del sentido de la justicia ni la súbita abrogación de las leyes que rigen la psicología moral de las personas. Asimismo, demostramos que, (...) según los propios postulados generales rawlsianos sobre la psicología moral, el comunismo marxiano no puede estar habitado sino por personas que adhieren a instituciones inspiradas en principios igualitarios y fraternos. En la sociedad comunista, entonces, rigen también la justicia y la moral, hay un esquema institucional justo -tal como lo admite Rawls-, y existe una comprensión compartida y un reconocimiento público de la justicia de las instituciones. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic produced immeasurable impacts on the economy, education, and socialization, besides the loss of millions of lives. Thus, there has been an accelerated development of an unprecedented number of COVID-19 vaccine candidates to control the pandemic. The World Health Organization’s emergency use authorization of COVID-19 vaccines still in clinical trial allowed immunizing the population. This paper presents a perspective of the bioethical precepts of autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice in the emergency use of COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, it emphasizes (...) the importance of surveillance at all stages of vaccine development to detect adverse effects and ensure compliance with bioethical precepts. (shrink)